Table 1 Thematic map on essential steps of PBL
| Theme | Codes |
|---|---|
| Knowing the problem scenario | Presentation of a problem [29] |
| Start with a cognitive question [30] | |
| Knowing the problem [28, 31] | |
| Define the problem [29] | |
| Identify the problem [32] | |
| Identifying facts | Collection of information [28, 31] |
| Monitor and analyze practice [33] | |
| Clarify unclear terms and concepts [29] | |
| Clarify concepts [32] | |
| Identifying knowledge gaps | Establishment of learning objectives [28, 31] |
| Generate hypothesis [34] | |
| Identify objectives [34] | |
| Engage in learning [34] | |
| Reexamine and reassess what we have already known [30] | |
| Formulate learning goals [29, 32] | |
| Problem analysis and statement formation [32] | |
| Develop resources | Brainstorm [32] |
| Prioritize and research through the objectives [34] | |
| Assimilate knowledge (new and old) [30] | |
| Read, study, analyze to gain knowledge [30] | |
| further observation and experiment [30] | |
| Problem analysis: produce as many ideas a possible [29] | |
| problem analysis: arrange the ideas systematically and analyze them [29] Summarizing [28, 31] | |
| Analyze the problem [32] | |
| independent self-directed study [32] | |
| discussion [32] | |
| Gain insights to apply knowledge | Inform and apply acquired information to the problem [34] |
| apply new learning or improvement [33] | |
| making inference [30] | |
| synthesize and apply the new information [29] | |
| Reflecting on knowledge gain | Reflection [28, 31] |
| Monitor effects of leaning [33] | |
| reflective thought [30] |