Table 2 The questionnaire was answered by all the students after the examination. The anonymous paper questionnaire survey was adopted to compare the subjective learning feelings of the two groups of students. The content includes skills development, appropriate assessment, and academic environment. 1 = strongly agree, 2 = agree, 3 = neutral, 4 = strongly disagree, 5 = disagree. Effect size is calculated by test statistic divided by the root of sample size (small effect: 0.1 < r ≤ 0.3, medium effect: 0.3 < r ≤ 0.5, large effect: r > 0.5)
| Â | Flipped classroom | Control | Mann-Whitney U | P value | Effect size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Skills Development | |||||
 The class has helped me develop my ability to work as a team member. | 1.6875 ± 0.89577863 | 3.514285714± 0.939435832 | 102.000 | 0.000 | 0.723519 |
 The class has sharpened my analytical skills. | 2.03 ± 0.97 | 3.11±0.97 | 249.500 | 0.000 | 0.493219 |
 As a result of my degree course, I feel confident about tackling unfamiliar problems. | 2.531 ± 1.27 | 3.143± 0.961 | 393.500 | 0.031 | 0.263531 |
 The class has developed my problem-solving skills | 2.4063 ± 0.9456 | 3.1429± 0.971 | 331.500 | 0.002 | 0.378375 |
 The class has improved my skills in written communication | 2.65625 ± 1.09572115 | 3.342857143±0.903256894 | 339.500 | 0.003 | 0.366768 |
 My class has helped me to develop the ability to plan my own work | 2.53125 ±1.163542283 | 3.085714286±1.158817131 | 389.500 | 0.025 | 0.273183 |
2. Appropriate Assessment | |||||
 There is a lot of pressure on me as a student in this class | 2.9687± 1.092034946 | 3.257142857±1.125110224 | 483.500 | 0.314 | 0.12303 |
 The workload is too heavy | 2.9375±1.014014697 | 3.085714286±1.267418323 | 502.500 | 0.423 | 0.097862 |
 I am generally given enough time to understand the things I have to learn | 2.4375±1.075759297 | 3.085714286±1.401529776 | 359.000 | 0.008 | 0.32413 |
 The sheer volume of work to be got through in this class means it can’t all be thoroughly comprehended Clear Goals and Standards | 2.75±1.163975 | 2.8±1.656157 | 539.500 | 0.788 | 0.032865 |
 I have usually had a clear idea of where I am going and what is expected of me in this class | 2.0625±1.075759297 | 2.628571429±1.884565547 | 418.000 | 0.065 | 0.225412 |
 It is always easy to know the standard of work expected | 2.13±1.24 | 2.94±1.92 | 345.000 | 0.006 | 0.339157 |
 The staff made it clear right from the start what they expected from students | 2.3438±0.9708 | 3.1429±2.0616 | 345.00 | 0.005 | 0.340501 |
 It has often been hard to discover what is expected of me in this class | 4.125±0.907 | 3.3429±2.1667 | 357.500 | 0.008 | 0.322663 |
3. Academic Environment | |||||
 The class is intellectually stimulating. | 2.0625±1.075759297 | 2.742857143±2.418677324 | 392.000 | 0.030 | 0.265852 |
 The class administration is effective in supporting my learning | 2±1.135924 | 3.114286±2.443488 | 268.000 | 0.000 | 0.46292 |
 My class has stimulated my enthusiasm for further learning | 2.1875±1.148281 | 3±2.621644 | 340.000 | 0.004 | 0.348076 |
 Where it was used, information technology helped me to learn | 2.28125±1.32554 | 2.942857±2.695528 | 368.500 | 0.013 | 0.303115 |
 I feel part of a group of students and staff committed to learning | 2.46875±1.243937 | 2.971429±2.882211 | 408.50 | 0.048 | 0.241662 |
 I feel I benefit from being in contact with active researchers | 2.25±1.04727 | 3±3.075118 | 359.500 | 0.009 | 0.31741 |