Table 1 Characteristics of included studies
Study ID | Design | Health profession(s) | N | Course country | Course duration | Level of evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bellack 2013 [14] | Narrative / opinion | Nursing | Unreported | Unreported | Unreported | V |
Billings 2014 [15] | Narrative / opinion | Nursing | Unreported | USA | Unreported | V |
Coughlan 2015 [16] | Narrative / opinion | Any (mainly physiotherapy and psychiatry) | Unreported | UK | Unreported | V |
Davies 2013 [17] | Narrative / opinion | Medicine | Unreported | Unreported | Unreported | V |
DeSilets 2013 [18] | Narrative / opinion | Any (mainly medicine and nursing) | Unreported | Various | Unreported | V |
Evans 2017 [19] | Descriptive / case series | Various | 7082 | Various | 6 wks | IV |
Frank 2016 [20] | Cohort / case control | Medicine | 202 | USA | Unclear | III-3 |
Fricton 2015 [21] | Descriptive / case series | Any (incl. Non health-professionals) | 23,650 | USA | 18 wks | IV |
Geissler 2015 [22] | Narrative / opinion | Nutrition and dietetics | Unreported | UK | Unreported | V |
Goldberg 2017 [23] | Narrative / opinion | Any health professions | Unreported | Unreported | Unreported | V |
Gooding 2013 [24] | Descriptive / case series | Public health | Unreported | USA | Unreported | IV |
Harder 2013 [4] | Narrative / opinion | Medicine | Unreported | USA | Unreported | V |
Harvey 2014 [25] | Descriptive / case series | Physiotherapy | 3523 | UK | 5 wks | IV |
Harvey 2017 [26] | Descriptive / case series | Physiotherapy | 13,509 | Various | 5 wks | IV |
Heller 2014 [27] | Narrative / opinion | Any health professions | Unreported | Unreported | Unreported | V |
Henningsohn 2017 [28] | Narrative / opinion | Medicine | 4925 | Various | Â | V |
Hoedebecke 2018 [29] | Descriptive / case series | Medicine | 40 | Unclear | Unreported | IV |
Hossain 2015 [30] | RCT | Physiotherapy | 48 | UK | 5 wks | II |
Hoy 2014 [31] | Narrative / opinion | Medicine | Unreported | Unreported | Unreported | V |
Inácio 2015 [32] | Review | Pharmacy | Unreported | Finland / Portugal | Unreported | I |
Jacquet 2018 [33] | Descriptive / case series | Unclear | 5935 | USA | Unreported | IV |
Jia 2019 [34] | Cohort / case control | Nursing | 4016 | China | 16 wks | III-3 |
Juanes 2015 [35] | Narrative / opinion | Any health professions | Unreported | Unreported | Unreported | V |
Kearney 2016 [36] | Narrative / opinion | Dentistry | Unreported | Unreported | Unreported | V |
King 2014 [37] | Narrative / opinion | Any health professions | 10,000 | Australia | 11 wks | V |
King 2015 [38] | Descriptive / case series | Any (incl. Carers for people with dementia) | Unreported | Australia | Unclear | IV |
Kononowicz 2015 [39] | Descriptive / case series | Behavioural Medicine | 19,236 | Sweden | 5 wks | IV |
Lan 2019 [40] | Descriptive / case series | Dentistry | 7608 | China | 5 wks | IV |
Liyanagunawardena 2014 [3] | Review | Any health professions | Unreported | Unreported | Unreported | I |
Liyanagunawardena 2018 [41] | Narrative / opinion | Unreported | Unreported | Unreported | Unreported | V |
Lunde 2018 [42] | Descriptive / case series | Medicine and Nursing | Unreported | Unreported | Unreported | IV |
Magana 2018a [43] | Descriptive / case series | Various | 35,968 | Mexico | Unreported | IV |
Magana 2018b [44] | Descriptive / case series | Various | 19,563 | Mexico | 40 h | IV |
Masters 2011 [45] | Narrative / opinion | Medicine | Unreported | Unreported | Unreported | V |
Maxwell 2018 [46] | Narrative / opinion | Various | Unreported | Various | Unreported | V |
McCartney 2015 [47] | Narrative / opinion | Nursing | Unreported | Unreported | Unreported | V |
Medina 2017 [48] | Descriptive / case series | Medicine and Nursing | 1169 | Various | 6 wks | IV |
Milligan 2014 [49] | Descriptive / case series | Any health professions | 22,000 | USA | 4 mths | IV |
Perez-Moreno 2018 [50] | Descriptive / case series | Medicine and Pharmacy | 2148 | Spain | 4 mths | IV |
Power 2015 [51] | Narrative / opinion | Nursing and Midwifery | Unreported | Unreported | Unreported | V |
Roberts 2014 [52] | Narrative / opinion | Medicine | Unreported | USA | Unclear | V |
Robinson 2016 [53] | Descriptive / case series | Medicine | 40 | USA | 5 wks | IV |
Rowe 2016 [54] | Qualitative | Physiotherapy | 8 | South Africa | 6 wks | IV |
Sitzman 2016 [55] | Descriptive / case series | Nursing | 714 | USA | 4 wks | IV |
Skiba 2013 [56] | Narrative / opinion | Nursing | Unreported | Unreported | Unreported | V |
Sneddon 2018 [57] | Descriptive / case series | Various | 32,944 | Various | 6 wks | IV |
Stokes 2015 [58] | Descriptive / case series | Dentistry (potential enrolees) | 4224 | UK | 6 wks | IV |
Subhi 2014 [59] | Review | Medicine | Unreported | Unreported | Unreported | I |
Swinnerton 2017 [60] | Descriptive / case series | Medicine | 18,382 | UK | 3 wks | IV |
Szpunar 2013 [61] | Narrative / opinion | Psychology (plus economics and classics) | Unclear | Unclear | 1X1-hr lecture | V |
Takooshian 2016 [62] | Narrative / opinion | Psychology | Unreported | Unreported | Unreported | V |
Unknown 2015 [63] | Narrative / opinion | Unclear | Unclear | USA | Unclear | V |
Wan 2016 [64] | Descriptive / case series | Pharmacy | 407 | Taiwan | 4 wks | IV |
Zhao 2018 [65] | Review | Medicine | 12,197 | Various | Unclear | V |