Table 2 Risk of bias appraisal of included systematic reviews
From: Changing prescribing behaviours with educational outreach: an overview of evidence and practice
Criterion (AMSTAR 2) | Alagoz et al. (2018) [20] | Baker et al. (2015) [21] | Chauhan et al. (2017) [22] | Chhina et al. (2013) [23] | Clyne et al. (2016) [2] | Forsetlund et al. (2011) [24] | Green et al. (2012) [25] | Johnson and May (2015) [26] | Kamarudin et al. (2013) [27] | Loganathan et al. (2011) [28] | O’Brien et al. (2008) [6] | Ostini et al. (2009) [29] | Smith et al., (2010) [19] | Thompson Coon et al. (2014) [30] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Did the research questions and inclusion criteria for the review include the components of PICO? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | – | Yes |
2. Did the report of the review contain an explicit statement that the review methods were established prior to the conduct of the review and did the report justify any significant deviations from the protocol? | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | – | Yes |
3. Did the review authors explain their selection of study designs for inclusion in the review? | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | – | No |
4. Did the review authors use a comprehensive literature search strategy? | Partial yes | Yes | Partial yes | Partial yes | Partial yes | Partial Yes | Partial yes | Partial yes | Partial yes | Partial yes | Partial yes | Partial yes | – | Partial yes |
5. Did the review authors perform the study selection in duplicate? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | – | Yes |
6. Did the review authors perform data extraction in duplicate? | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | – | No |
7. Did the review authors provide a list of excluded studies and justify the exclusion? | Partial yes | Yes | No | No | No | Partial Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | – | No |
8. Did the review authors describe the included studies in adequate detail? | Partial yes | Yes | Partial yes | Partial yes | Yes | Partial Yes | Partial yes | Partial yes | No | Partial yes | Partial yes | No | – | Partial yes |
9. Did the review authors use a satisfactory technique for assessing the risk of bias in individual studies that were included in the review? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Partial yes | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial yes | Partial yes | Unclear | – | No |
10. Did the review authors report on the sources of funding for the studies included in the review? | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | – | No |
11. If meta-analysis was performed, did the review authors use appropriate methods for statistical combination of results? | N/A | Yes | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Yes | N/A | – | N/A |
12. If meta-analysis was performed, did the review authors assess the potential impact of risk of bias in individual studies on the results of the meta-analyses or other evidence synthesis? | N/A | Yes | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Yes | N/A | – | N/A |
13. Did the authors account for risk of bias in individual studies when interpreting/discussing the results of the review? | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | – | Yes |
14. Did the review authors provide a satisfactory explanation for and discussion of heterogeneity observed in the results of the review? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | – | Yes |
15. If they performed quantitative synthesis, did the review authors carry out an adequate investigation of publication bias (small study bias and discuss its likely impact on the results of the review)? | N/A | No | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | No | N/A | – | N/A |
16. Did the review authors report any potential sources of conflict of interest, including any funding they received for conducting the review? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | – | Yes |
TOTAL yes / applicable items (%) | 9/13 (69%) | 12/16 (75%) | 11/12 (92%) | 8/13 (62%) | 8/13 (62%) | 9/13 (69%) | 8/12 (66%) | 9/12 (75%) | 8/13 (62%) | 7/13 (54%) | 12/16 (75%) | 5/13 (38%) | – | 8/13 (62%) |