Table 1 Description of Programs Targeting LGBTQ-Related Bias
| Study | Sample | Program Format | Program Target | Key Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Medical, Nursing or Dental Students | ||||
| Carabez et al. (2015) [60] | Nursing students (n = 112) |
Readings Lecture (n = 1) Scripted interview exercise |
Knowledge Comfort level |
Increase in knowledge and awareness of LGBT health care needs. Increase in comfort level working with LGBT patients. Qualitative data suggest increase in awareness of unconscious biases. |
| Dixon-Woods et al. (2002) [61] | Medical students (n = 130) |
3 sessions Lecture Presentation by LGBT individuals Small group discussion and exercises Problem-based case studies |
Knowledge Comfort level Attitudes |
Increase in knowledge and awareness of LGBT health care needs. Increase comfort level working with LGBT patients. Reduction in anxiety about sexual sexuality. Change in attitudes about human sexuality was not observed. |
| Eriksson & Safer (2016) [62] | Medical students (n = 121) | Lecture (n = 1) on gender identity and transgender medical care |
Knowledge Attitudes |
Increase in knowledge of gender identity. Change in attitude toward transgender medicine. |
| Isaac & Behar-Horenstein (2016) [63] | Dental students (n = 22) |
Interviews with LGBT individuals Writing exercise | Attitudes |
Qualitative evidence of increase in awareness of sexual prejudice. Qualitative evidence of change in attitudes toward LGBT individuals. |
| Johnson et al. (2015) [64] | Medical students (n = 13) | Sexual health curriculum (1 week) |
Knowledge Attitudes |
Descriptive statistics suggest increases in knowledge of sexual health issues post-training and at 3-month follow-up. Descriptive statistics suggest changes in attitudes toward sexual health post-training and at 3-month follow-up. |
| Kelley et al. (2008) [65] | Medical students (n = 75) |
LGBT health curriculum (3 sessions) Patient panel with LGBT individuals Small group discussion, led by LGBT individuals, focused on case studies |
Knowledge Attitudes |
Increases in knowledge of LGBT issues and health care needs. Changes in attitudes toward LGBT patients. Anecdotal evidence that awareness of unconscious prejudices increased. |
| Rosen et al. (2006) [66] | Medical residents(n = 46) |
Workshop curriculum (half day) Lectures (n = 5) Patient interviews Panel discussion Small group discussion |
Knowledge Comfort level Attitudes |
Increase in knowledge and awareness of sexual medicine. Increase in comfort level with sexual history taking. Anecdotal evidence of change in attitudes toward sexual medicine. |
| Strong & Folse (2015) [67] | Nursing students (n = 58) | Lecture (45 min) |
Knowledge Attitudes |
Increase in knowledge and awareness of LGBT health care needs. Changes in attitudes toward LGBT patients. |
| Thomas & Safer (2015) [68] | Medical residents (n = 46) | Lecture (60 min) on gender identity and transgender medicine |
Knowledge Attitudes |
Increase in knowledge of transgender medicine. Changes in attitudes toward transgender patients. |
| Health Care Providers | ||||
| Costa et al. (2016) [69] | Health care providers (n = 457) |
Web-based course (4 weeks) Perspective-taking Videos of LGBT individuals describing discrimination in health care settings LGBT needs assessment exercise Activity to improve LGBT health Tutors included LGBT activists Small group discussion Peer evaluation | Attitudes | Decrease in self-report prejudice toward LGBT individuals. |
| Hardacker et al. (2014) [70] | Nurses and health care providers (n = 848) | Lectures (n = 6) on LGBT issues and medical care |
Knowledge Attitudes |
Increases in knowledge of LGBT health care needs. Anecdotal evidence of change in attitudes toward LGBT patients. |
| Reygan & D’Alton (2013) [71] | Health care providers (n = 201) | Group training module (50 min) involving lecture and discussion |
Knowledge Comfort level |
Increase in knowledge and awareness of LGBT health care needs. Increase in comfort level working with LGBT patients. |
| Tarasoff et al. (2014) [72] | Health care providers (n = 28) | Interactive theater workshop involving role-play and perspective-taking (90 min) |
Knowledge Comfort level |
Increase in knowledge and awareness of LGBT health care needs. No change in comfort level working with LGBT patients. |