Skip to main content

Table 1 Description of Programs Targeting LGBTQ-Related Bias

From: Training to reduce LGBTQ-related bias among medical, nursing, and dental students and providers: a systematic review

Study

Sample

Program Format

Program Target

Key Findings

Medical, Nursing or Dental Students

Carabez et al. (2015) [60]

Nursing students (n = 112)

Readings

Lecture (n = 1)

Scripted interview exercise

Knowledge

Comfort level

Increase in knowledge and awareness of LGBT health care needs.

Increase in comfort level working with LGBT patients.

Qualitative data suggest increase in awareness of unconscious biases.

Dixon-Woods et al. (2002) [61]

Medical students (n = 130)

3 sessions

Lecture

Presentation by LGBT individuals

Small group discussion and exercises

Problem-based case studies

Knowledge

Comfort level

Attitudes

Increase in knowledge and awareness of LGBT health care needs.

Increase comfort level working with LGBT patients.

Reduction in anxiety about sexual sexuality.

Change in attitudes about human sexuality was not observed.

Eriksson & Safer (2016) [62]

Medical students (n = 121)

Lecture (n = 1) on gender identity and transgender medical care

Knowledge

Attitudes

Increase in knowledge of gender identity.

Change in attitude toward transgender medicine.

Isaac & Behar-Horenstein (2016) [63]

Dental students (n = 22)

Interviews with LGBT individuals

Writing exercise

Attitudes

Qualitative evidence of increase in awareness of sexual prejudice.

Qualitative evidence of change in attitudes toward LGBT individuals.

Johnson et al. (2015) [64]

Medical students (n = 13)

Sexual health curriculum (1 week)

Knowledge

Attitudes

Descriptive statistics suggest increases in knowledge of sexual health issues post-training and at 3-month follow-up.

Descriptive statistics suggest changes in attitudes toward sexual health post-training and at 3-month follow-up.

Kelley et al. (2008) [65]

Medical students (n = 75)

LGBT health curriculum (3 sessions)

Patient panel with LGBT individuals

Small group discussion, led by LGBT individuals, focused on case studies

Knowledge

Attitudes

Increases in knowledge of LGBT issues and health care needs.

Changes in attitudes toward LGBT patients.

Anecdotal evidence that awareness of unconscious prejudices increased.

Rosen et al. (2006) [66]

Medical residents(n = 46)

Workshop curriculum (half day)

Lectures (n = 5)

Patient interviews

Panel discussion

Small group discussion

Knowledge

Comfort level

Attitudes

Increase in knowledge and awareness of sexual medicine.

Increase in comfort level with sexual history taking.

Anecdotal evidence of change in attitudes toward sexual medicine.

Strong & Folse (2015) [67]

Nursing students (n = 58)

Lecture (45 min)

Knowledge

Attitudes

Increase in knowledge and awareness of LGBT health care needs.

Changes in attitudes toward LGBT patients.

Thomas & Safer (2015) [68]

Medical residents (n = 46)

Lecture (60 min) on gender identity and transgender medicine

Knowledge

Attitudes

Increase in knowledge of transgender medicine.

Changes in attitudes toward transgender patients.

Health Care Providers

Costa et al. (2016) [69]

Health care providers (n = 457)

Web-based course (4 weeks)

Perspective-taking

Videos of LGBT individuals describing discrimination in health care settings

LGBT needs assessment exercise

Activity to improve LGBT health

Tutors included LGBT activists

Small group discussion

Peer evaluation

Attitudes

Decrease in self-report prejudice toward LGBT individuals.

Hardacker et al. (2014) [70]

Nurses and health care providers (n = 848)

Lectures (n = 6) on LGBT issues and medical care

Knowledge

Attitudes

Increases in knowledge of LGBT health care needs.

Anecdotal evidence of change in attitudes toward LGBT patients.

Reygan & D’Alton (2013) [71]

Health care providers (n = 201)

Group training module (50 min) involving lecture and discussion

Knowledge

Comfort level

Increase in knowledge and awareness of LGBT health care needs.

Increase in comfort level working with LGBT patients.

Tarasoff et al. (2014) [72]

Health care providers (n = 28)

Interactive theater workshop involving role-play and perspective-taking (90 min)

Knowledge

Comfort level

Increase in knowledge and awareness of LGBT health care needs.

No change in comfort level working with LGBT patients.