Effects of an examiner’s positive and negative feedback on self-assessment of skill performance, emotional response, and self-efficacy in Korea: a quasi-experimental study

Table 3 Comparison of groups for emotional response and self-efficacy

Variables		PF group (n = 58)	NF group (n = 52)	t or U	p	ANCOVA F (p)
Positive emotion	Median (min, max)	14.0 (5, 25)	9.0 (5, 18)	523.0	0.000	20.93 (< 0.001)
Positive emotion	Mean ± SD	14.3 ± 4.9	9.6 ± 3.7	523.0	0.000	20.93 (< 0.001)
Negative emotion	Median (min, max)	12.0 (6, 24)	15.0 (8, 25)	665.0	0.000	12.77 (0.001)
Negative emotion	Mean ± SD	12.1 ± 4.0	15.2 ± 4.3	665.0	0.000	12.77 (0.001)
Self-efficacy	Mean ± SD	42.0 ± 8.3	37.8 ± 7.3	2.595	0.011	5.16 (0.025)

ANCOVA was performed to examine the differences in dependent variables between the two groups after covariance treatment of unequal age and scores in the baseline characteristics. In this case, variables that did not satisfy the assumption of normality were subjected to normal conversion processing with natural logarithm
PF positive feedback, NF negative feedback

ISSN: 1472-6920