Table 3 Studies categorised by theme and subtheme
From: Barriers and facilitators to writing quality items for medical school assessments – a scoping review
Theme | Subtheme | Facilitators and barriers identified | Articles |
|---|---|---|---|
Faculty Development | Item Writing Training | Facilitator: item writer training Barrier: item writers’ lack of skill Barrier: lack of participation in faculty development for item writing | ▪ Abdulghani et al. (2015) [33] ▪ Abdulghani et al. (2017) [34] ▪ Abozaid et al. (2017) [35] ▪ Jozefowicz et al. (2002) [36] ▪ Iramaneerat et al. (2012) [37] ▪ Naeem et al. (2012) [2] ▪ Downing et al. (2002) [7] ▪ Case et al. (2001) [3] |
Quality Assurance Procedures | Committee Review and Assessment Blueprinting | Facilitator: peer review Facilitator: assessment blueprinting | ▪ Wallach et al. (2006) [38] ▪ Malau-Aduli et al. (2012) [39] ▪ Abozaid et al. (2017) [35] ▪ Jozefowicz et al. (2002) [36] ▪ Pinjani et al. (2015) [4] |
Item Writing Guidelines | Facilitator: utilisation of item writing guidelines Facilitator: item modelling Barrier: lack of utilisation of item writing guidelines | ▪ Holsgrove et al. (1998) [40] ▪ Downing (2002) [7] ▪ Abdulghani et al. (2015) [33] ▪ Shea et al. (1992) [41] ▪ Jozefowicz et al. (2002) [36] ▪ Wallach et al. (2006) [38] | |
Institutional Barriers | Motivation | Facilitator: institutional need for new items | ▪ Pinjani et al. (2015) [4] ▪ Case et al. (2001) [3] |
Time constraints and Scheduling | Barrier: poor organisational assessment structure | ▪ Wallach et al. (2006) [38] ▪ Jozefowicz et al. (2002) [36] | |
Cost and Logistics | Barrier: logistical challenges of organising meetings for item writing Facilitator: cost effectiveness | ▪ Case et al. (2001) [3] | |
Individual Barriers | Motivation | Barrier: lack of motivation | ▪ Naeem et al. (2012) [2] |
Time constraints and allocation | Barrier: lack of time allocation for item writing | ▪ Shea et al. (1992) [41] ▪ Wallach et al. (2006) [38] ▪ Case et al. (2001) [3] ▪ Jozefowicz et al. (2002) [36] |