Table 1 Simulation case descriptions

Simulation I: A 36-year-old male had been stabbed twice: one stab wound in the upper right abdomen (barely bleeding) and another stab wound in the right brachium (oozing blood). Patient was pale, conscious, and drunk. GCS = 14. A. rad +. BP 108/66, HR 116, temperature line in wrist. BSs decreased on the left side. SpO2 94%, RF 24.

• Tension pneumothorax relief using a thoracocentesis or a pleural drain

• Intraosseous access using a drill and intraosseous cannulation

Simulation II: A 67-year-old male had fallen 4 m from a roof to the pavement. Patient was shouting and moaning in the ER. Pelvis, abdomen, back and head were sore when examined. BSs symmetric. Temperature line in the lower leg. GCS = 10. Radial artery pulse +, BP 105/65, HR 98, RF 18, SpO2 92% with oxygen.

• FAST

• Insertion of urinary catheter

• Pelvic stabilization using a T-POD®

Simulation III: A 75-year-old woman had fallen from a bicycle when pushed by a car. No loss of consciousness. Patient complained of pain in shoulder, side, pelvis and ankle on the left side and had hematomas. BP 138/53, HR 93, RF 20, SpO2 96%.

• Crisis Resource Management

Simulation IV: Burn patient* from a fire in a building with burns on the face, hands, thorax, abdomen. Hair and shirt had burned off. Decreased level of consciousness. GCS 12 (3,4,5), symmetrical pupils. Smells of alcohol, 3.2 o/oo. Patient has been intubated, gags. Breath sounds symmetric with upper airway stridor. Sp02 93%, with additional oxygen 98%, RF 20. Radial artery pulse +, green cannula with Ringer 500 ml, HR 100–110. Temperature line in the lower leg. Patient had an open fracture of the femur, pelvis instability, wound in the chin and loose teeth. Extensive burns in upper torso and upper extremity (manikin masked with burned pig fat and skin).

• Escharotomy