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Table 4 Multivariate predictors of students’ perception of gift appropriateness

From: Medical students’ attitudes toward interactions with the pharmaceutical industry: a national survey in Japan

Independent variables

Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for students’ perception of gift appropriateness

Type of gift or event

Stationery

Textbook

Brochure

Lunch

Seminar

Sex (male = 1)

0.92 (0.82–1.04)

1.06 (0.96–1.18)

0.95 (0.85–1.07)

1.00 (0.89–1.12)

0.91 (0.81–1.02)

Physician parent (yes = 1)

1.06 (0.93–1.20)

1.03 (0.92–1.14)

1.06 (0.95–1.20)

1.04 (0.92–1.17)

1.01 (0.89–1.13)

Received prior teaching on the physician-industry relationship (yes = 1)

1.08 (0.94–1.25)

1.09 (0.97–1.23)

1.27 (1.10–1.46)*

1.04 (0.91–1.20)

1.38 (1.20–1.59)*

Exposure to formal curriculum (yes = 1)

0.81 (0.69–0.95)*

1.06 (0.93–1.21)

0.95 (0.81–1.12)

0.93 (0.79–1.09)

1.04 (0.88–1.22)

Type of school (private = 1)

1.05 (0.93–1.20)

1.33 (1.19–1.48)*

0.91 (0.81–1.03)

1.17 (1.03–1.33)*

0.96 (0.85–1.08)

Interaction with pharmaceutical industry (ever interacted = 1)

1.67 (1.47–1.89)*

3.07 (2.66–3.54)*

1.90 (1.68–2.14)*

1.71 (1.52–1.94)*

1.31 (1.15–1.48)*

Informational value (useful = 1, not useful = 0)

2.56 (2.30–2.86)*

3.23 (2.89–3.62)*

Bias in information (not biased = 1, biased = 0)

3.50 (2.64–4.65)*

4.13 (3.13–5.46)*

Influence on practice (not influential = 1, influential = 0)

6.57 (5.86–7.38)*

7.61 (6.79–8.55)*

  1. *P-value < .05
  2. Multivariate logistic regression analysis (simultaneous method)
  3. For all statistical analyses, P-values were 2-tailed and those less than .05 were considered statistically significant
  4. Perception of the appropriateness of gifts was dichotomized into appropriate/somewhat appropriate and neutral/somewhat inappropriate/inappropriate, with the latter category as the reference
  5. Independent variables were dichotomized as follows, with the second category in each case considered to be the reference: national/public and private for type of school; agree/somewhat agree and neutral/somewhat disagree/disagree for “informational value”; not biased/not very biased and neutral/somewhat biased/biased for “bias in information”; not influential/not very influential and neutral/somewhat influential/influential for “influence on practice”