Skip to main content

Table 3 Assessment of smoking habits according to behavioral variables and mental health

From: Associations of smoking behavior with lifestyle and mental health among Japanese dental students

 

Non-current smokers (%)

Regular smokers

(%)

χ 2

p-value

Residence

 With family

53 (13.2)

2 (3.8)

  

 Alone

348 (86.8)

50 (96.2)

  
   

3.789

0.052a

Skipping breakfast

 Less than twice a week

233 (58.1)

17 (32.7)

  

 Twice or more a week

168 (41.9)

35 (67.3)

  
   

12.02

0.001a

Eating between meals

 Less than once a week

252 (62.8)

33 (63.5)

  

 Once or more a week

149 (37.2)

19 (36.5)

  
   

0.008

0.931a

Eating out

 Less than twice a day

265 (66.1)

19 (36.5)

  

 Twice or more a day

136 (33.9)

33 (63.5)

  
   

17.181

0.000a

Health status

 Good

351 (87.5)

39 (75.0)

  

 Poor

50 (12.5)

13 (25.0)

  
   

6.037

0.014a

Physical activity,

 30 min or more a day

216 (53.9)

30 (57.7)

  

 Less than 30 min a day

185 (46.1)

22 (42.3)

  
   

0.272

0.602a

Participation in school club activities

 Yes

333 (83.0)

44 (84.6)

  

 No

68 (17.0)

8 (15.4)

  
   

0.082

0.775a

Sleeping status

 Good

307 (76.6)

33 (63.5)

  

 Poor

94 (23.4)

19 (36.5)

  
   

4.217

0.040a

Sleeping duration

  < 6 h

241 (60.1)

25 (48.1)

  

  ≥ 6 h

160 (39.9)

27 (51.9)

  
   

2.745

0.098a

Alcohol drinking

 Never

209 (52.1)

8 (15.4)

  

 Less than three times a week

143 (35.7)

21 (40.4)

  

 Three times or more a week

49 (14.2)

23 (44.2)

  
   

42.928

0.000a

GHQ 12 score

 mean ± SD

    

 Female (n = 200)

3.67 ± 2.94

3.00 ± 4.63

–

0.621c

 Male (n = 253)

2.94 ± 2.72

2.11 ± 2.07

–

0.023c

 Total (n = 453)

3.30 ± 2.86

2.19 ± 2.35

–

0.003c

  < 4

240 (59.9)

40 (76.9)

  

  ≥ 4

161 (40.1)

12 (23.1)

  
   

5.684

0.017a

Received training in smoking cessation

 Yes

389 (97.0)

47 (90.4)

  

 No

12 (3.0)

5 (9.6)

  
   

5.59

0.035b

  1. GHQ General Health Questionnaire (high scores indicate low mental health status), SD standard deviation. aChi-square test, bFisher’s exact test, ct test