From: Associations of smoking behavior with lifestyle and mental health among Japanese dental students
 | Non-current smokers (%) | Regular smokers (%) | χ 2 | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Residence | ||||
 With family | 53 (13.2) | 2 (3.8) |  |  |
 Alone | 348 (86.8) | 50 (96.2) |  |  |
 |  |  | 3.789 | 0.052a |
Skipping breakfast | ||||
 Less than twice a week | 233 (58.1) | 17 (32.7) |  |  |
 Twice or more a week | 168 (41.9) | 35 (67.3) |  |  |
 |  |  | 12.02 | 0.001a |
Eating between meals | ||||
 Less than once a week | 252 (62.8) | 33 (63.5) |  |  |
 Once or more a week | 149 (37.2) | 19 (36.5) |  |  |
 |  |  | 0.008 | 0.931a |
Eating out | ||||
 Less than twice a day | 265 (66.1) | 19 (36.5) |  |  |
 Twice or more a day | 136 (33.9) | 33 (63.5) |  |  |
 |  |  | 17.181 | 0.000a |
Health status | ||||
 Good | 351 (87.5) | 39 (75.0) |  |  |
 Poor | 50 (12.5) | 13 (25.0) |  |  |
 |  |  | 6.037 | 0.014a |
Physical activity, | ||||
 30 min or more a day | 216 (53.9) | 30 (57.7) |  |  |
 Less than 30 min a day | 185 (46.1) | 22 (42.3) |  |  |
 |  |  | 0.272 | 0.602a |
Participation in school club activities | ||||
 Yes | 333 (83.0) | 44 (84.6) |  |  |
 No | 68 (17.0) | 8 (15.4) |  |  |
 |  |  | 0.082 | 0.775a |
Sleeping status | ||||
 Good | 307 (76.6) | 33 (63.5) |  |  |
 Poor | 94 (23.4) | 19 (36.5) |  |  |
 |  |  | 4.217 | 0.040a |
Sleeping duration | ||||
  < 6 h | 241 (60.1) | 25 (48.1) |  |  |
  ≥ 6 h | 160 (39.9) | 27 (51.9) |  |  |
 |  |  | 2.745 | 0.098a |
Alcohol drinking | ||||
 Never | 209 (52.1) | 8 (15.4) |  |  |
 Less than three times a week | 143 (35.7) | 21 (40.4) |  |  |
 Three times or more a week | 49 (14.2) | 23 (44.2) |  |  |
 |  |  | 42.928 | 0.000a |
GHQ 12 score | ||||
 mean ± SD |  |  |  |  |
 Female (n = 200) | 3.67 ± 2.94 | 3.00 ± 4.63 | – | 0.621c |
 Male (n = 253) | 2.94 ± 2.72 | 2.11 ± 2.07 | – | 0.023c |
 Total (n = 453) | 3.30 ± 2.86 | 2.19 ± 2.35 | – | 0.003c |
  < 4 | 240 (59.9) | 40 (76.9) |  |  |
  ≥ 4 | 161 (40.1) | 12 (23.1) |  |  |
 |  |  | 5.684 | 0.017a |
Received training in smoking cessation | ||||
 Yes | 389 (97.0) | 47 (90.4) |  |  |
 No | 12 (3.0) | 5 (9.6) |  |  |
 |  |  | 5.59 | 0.035b |