Table 3 Comparison of patient safety culture before and after the intervention within and between groups

Teamwork within units

Experimental

2.91(±0.74)

3.95(±0.43)

Control

2.51 (± 0.82)

2.69(±0.80)

P-value

0.06

< 0.001

Manager expectations and actions promoting patient safety

Experimental

3.48 (±0.83)

4.22 (±0.31)

Control

3.22 (±0.68)

3.23 (±0.76)

P-value

0.3

< 0.001

Organizational learning and continuous improvement

Experimental

3.83 (±0.65)

4.45 (±0.45)

Control

3.49 (±0.82)

3.13 (±0.86)

P-value

0.06

< 0.001

Management support for patient safety

Experimental

3.15 (±1.05)

3.26 (±0.94)

Control

2.97 (±1.04)

3.31 (±0.99)

P-value

0.6

0.8

Overall perception of patient safety

Experimental

2.92 (±0.62)

3.08 (±0.53)

Control

3.29 (±0.63)

3.23 (±0.73)

P-value

0.06

0.3

Feedback and communication on errors

Experimental

3.25 (±0.85)

3.56 (±0.72)

Control

3.53 (±0.78)

3.52 (±0.77)

P-value

0.2

0.8

Communication openness

Experimental

2.72 (±0.67)

4.22 (±0.44)

Control

2.80 (±0.79)

2.51 (±0.74)

P-value

0.5

< 0.001

Frequency of events reported

Experimental

2.91 (±0.56)

2.76 (±1.04)

Control

2.66 (±0.66)

2.51 (±0.68)

P-value

0.09

0.2

Teamwork across hospital units

Experimental

2.94 (±0.93)

3.06 (±0.84)

Control

3.17 (±0.76)

3.15 (±0.81)

P-value

0.1

0.6

Staffing

Experimental

1.84 (±0.62)

1.97 (±0.52)

Control

1.69 (±0.46)

1.68 (±0.57)

P-value

0.2

0.04

Handoffs and transitions

Experimental

2.75 (±0.91)

4.23 (±0.69)

Control

2.42 (±0.80)

2.69 (±0.66)

P-value

0.1

< 0.001

Non-punitive response to errors

Experimental

2.25 (±0.93)

2.78 (±0.94)

Control

2.45 (±1.15)

2.46 (±1.17)

P-value

0.4

0.2

Total scores of the patient safety culture

Experimental

2.91 (±0.4)

3.46 (±0.26)

Control

2.86 (±0.37)

2.84 (±0.37)

P-value

0.5

< 0.001

Safety score

Experimental

2.63 (±0.7)

3.37 (±0.5)

Control

2.88 (±0.4)

2.90 (±0.5)

P-value

0.07

0.002