Identifying low test-taking effort during low-stakes tests with the new Test-taking Effort Short Scale (TESS) – development and psychometrics

Table 3 Correlations of single TESS items and the TESS score with external criteria

Internal criterion	External criterion	N	r	p	r ²
Convergent validity
TESS item 1	Short Scale of Intrinsic Motivation [31]	1333	.52	<.001	.27
TESS item 2	Perceived Usefulness Scale [32] (German translation)	1377	.57	< .001	.32
TESS item 3	Cost^#	1380	−.34	< .001	.12
Discriminant validity
TESS score	Repetition scale of the LIST [34]	1195	.06	<.05	.00

N number of participants, r product-moment correlation, p p-value, r² effect size, ^# item “To what extent do you feel that sitting the BPT keeps you from your other duties?” (reverse coded)

ISSN: 1472-6920