Table 1 Self-report measures of test-taking effort
Instrument | No. items | Subscales | What is measured | Psychometrics |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Effort Thermometer [12] | 3 10-point Likert items | No subscales | Individual test effort, anchored against a personal situation in which maximum effort was applied | Not reported |
Online Motivation Questionnaire (OMQ) [47] | 32 4-point Likert items | Mood scale Self-efficacy Success expectancy Perceived utility Task attraction Intended efforts Task anxiety scale | Test-taking effort in the context of performance assessment (part 1: pre-test, part 2: post-test) | Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that seven factors could be distinguished empirically; proven validity and acceptable reliability |
Questionnaire of Current Motivation (QCM) [48] | 18 7-point Likert items | Situational interest Anxiety Challenge Probability of success | Current motivation during a learning situation | Sufficient to excellent reliability2 Proven validity |
Student Opinion Scale (SOS) | 10 5-point Likert items | Importance Effort | Motivation, administered as a post-test after students have completed achievement tests [49] | Proven validity and good to excellent reliability [50] |