Fig. 1From: Identifying low test-taking effort during low-stakes tests with the new Test-taking Effort Short Scale (TESS) – development and psychometricsFlowchart showing participant numbers separately for computer- and paper-based administration; TESS responders are defined as participants who answered all three TESS items; non-responders are defined as participants who did not answer any TESS items (despite participating in the study)Back to article page