Table 2 Working environment and new-onset depressive symptoms (n = 973)
From: The relationship between long working hours and depression among first-year residents in Japan
|  | New-onset depressive symptoms (+) (CES-D ≥ 16) | New-onset depressive symptoms (−) (CES-D < 16) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age, mean ± SD, ya | 26.0 ± 2.98 | 26.0 ± 2.91 | 0.751 |
Male sex, n (%)b | 142 (64.5%) | 502 (66.8%) | 0.297 |
University hospital, n (%)b | 85 (38.6%) | 292 (38.8%) | Â |
Other educational hospital | 135 (61.4%) | 461 (61.2%) | 1.000 |
Number of hours for sleep per day, mean ± SD,a | 5.68 ± 0.95 | 5.81 ± 0.87 | 0.010 |
Disposable time, mean ± SD, hours/daya | 2.35 ± 1.49 | 2.87 ± 1.56 | < 0.001 |
Number of work hours per weekb | |||
  < 60 h (n = 84) | 9 (10.7%) | 75 (89.3%) |  |
 60 to < 80 h (n = 429) | 80 (18.6%) | 349 (81.4%) |  |
 80 to < 100 h (n = 383) | 96 (25.1%) | 287 (74.9%) |  |
  ≥ 100 h (n = 77) | 35 (45.5%) | 42 (54.5%) | < 0.001 |