Table 3 Study characteristics (n = 11)
Tools | Author, country, | Aim(s) | Study design, sampling method, data collection year | Participants/response rate; female (%) and age | Reference Theory | Items (number), dimensions (number), metrics and score range; language |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SDLRS | Crook, [11] Canada | 1 – To investigate the predictive validity of the SRSSDL among first-year nursing students 2 – To test the correlation between SDLRS and alternative measures of self-directedness (nominations such as self-directed learners by peers and faculty, entry grades from high school, grades received at the end of the first-year in five subjects | Design: not reported Sampling: not reported Data collection: 1978–1979 | 63 nursing students enrolled in the nursing programme/90% Female: 93% Age: range 19–23 years | Knowles, 1975 | Items: 57 Dimensions: not reported 5-point Likert scale Scores: from 57 to 285 Language: not reported |
SDLRSNE | Fisher et al., [32] Australia | To develop and pilot an instrument measuring SDL readiness | Design: not reported Sampling: convenience Data collection year: not reported | 201 nursing students/not reported Gender: not reported Age: not reported | Knowles, 1975 | Items: 40 Dimensions: three (self-management, desire for learning, self-control) 5-point Likert scale Scores: from 40 to 200 Language: not reported |
Fisher and King, [31] Australia | To re-examine the factor structure of the SDLRSNE | Design: cross-sectional Sampling: not reported Data collection: not reported | 227 first-year undergraduate nursing students/not reported Gender: not reported Age: not reported | Not reported | See above | |
Fujino-Oyama et al., [3] Japan | To examine the reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the SDLRSNE when used among graduate nursing students | Design: cross-sectional Sampling: not reported Data collection: 2014 | 376 nursing students/24.2% Female: 88.3% Age: average 38.6Â years | Knowles, 1975 | See above | |
SRSSDL | Williamson, [35] United Kingdom | To develop and test the SRSSDL | Design: descriptive study Sampling: convenience Data collection year: not reported | 30 nursing students/not reported Gender: not reported Age: range 20–25 years | Knowles, 1975 | Items: 60 Dimensions: five (awareness, learning strategies, learning activities, evaluation, interpersonal skills) 5-point Likert scale Scores: from 60 to 300 Language: English |
Cadorin et al., [28] Italy | 1 – To evaluate cross-cultural validity and test–retest reliability of SRSSDL 2 – To evaluate internal consistency of the SRSSDL | Design: not reported Sampling: two convenience samples Data collection: 2007 | a.41 nurses/100% Age: average 43 years b. 334 nurses, health-care assistants, paediatric nurses, midwives/83.5% Female: 89.5% Age: average 41.2 years | Not reported | See above Language: Italian | |
Cadorin et al., [29] Italy | To evaluate the factor structure of the Italian version SRSSDL | Design: cross-sectional Sampling: convenience Data collection year: 2009–2010 | 844: 182 nursing students, 453 RN; 141 RTs, 68 RTs students/ 67.5% Female: 75.2% Age: average 34.7 years | Knowles, 1975 | See above | |
Cadorin et al., [30] Italy | To establish the concurrent validity between SRSSDL and the SDLI used among undergraduate nursing students | Design: concurrent validity study Sampling: not reported Data collection: 2014 | 428 nursing students/90% Female: 78.5% Age: average 22Â years | Knowles, 1975 | Items: 40 Dimensions: eight (awareness, attitudes, motivation, learning strategies, methods, and activities, interpersonal skills, constructing knowledge) 5-point Likert scale Scores: from 40 to 200 Language: Italian | |
SDLI | Cheng et al., [24] Taiwan | 1 – To develop an instrument to measure the SDL abilities of nursing students 2 – To test the validity and reliability of the SDLI | Design: not reported Sampling: convenience Data collection year: not reported | 1072 nursing students/ not reported Gender: not reported Age: not reported | Knowles, 1975 | Items: 20 Dimensions: four (learning motivation, plan and execution, self-monitoring, interpersonal relationship) 5-point Likert scale Scores: from 20 to 100 Language: Chinese |
Cheng et al., [33] Taiwan | 1 – To use the IRT with a graded response model to re-examine the SDLI instrument 2 – To establish the SDL ability norms among four nursing education programmes in Taiwan | Design: not reported Sampling: stratified random sampling with probability proportional to size Data collection year: not reported | 7879: 667 BSN nursing students, 971 RN-to-BSN students, 5452 ADN students and 789 BS student/15% Female: 93.8% Age: average 18.5 years | Not reported | See above Language: not reported | |
Shen et al., [34] China | To test validity and reliability of the SDLI | Design: cross-sectional Sampling: two convenience samples Data collection year: not reported | a.1499 nursing students/99.3% b.30 nursing students (test–retest)/not reported Female: 96.1% Age: range 18–24 years | Not reported | See above Language: not reported |