Short-duration podcasts as a supplementary learning tool: perceptions of medical students and impact on assessment performance

Table 5 Pairwise comparison of students’ performance in assessments

Groups	N	Paired differences				Significance (2-tailed)
		Mean	SEM	99% Confidence interval
		Mean	SEM	Lower	Upper
T_3MTL - T_P
Overall	94	1.67	0.43	0.53	2.8	<0.001
3MTL: Heavy-users	41	2.32	0.74	0.32	4.31	0.003
3MTL: Intermediate-users	34	1.07	0.67	−0.75	2.9	0.117
3MTL: Non-users	19	1.33	0.76	−0.86	3.52	0.098
T_3MTL - T_S
Overall	92	3.3	0.43	2.19	4.47	<0.001
3MTL: Heavy-users	41	4.20	0.66	2.43	5.97	<0.001
3MTL: Intermediate-users	32	2.63	0.73	0.62	4.64	0.001
3MTL: Non-users	19	2.63	0.91	0.003	5.26	0.01
Analysis of subgroups of 3MTL: Heavy-users
T_3MTL - T_P
Below-average performers	13	2.94	1.74	−0.84	6.73	0.116
Average performers	14	2.57	1.38	−0.41	5.55	0.085
Above-average performers	14	1.48	0.58	0.24	2.73	0.023
T_3MTL - T_S
Below-average performers	13	6.40	1.07	4.06	8.75	<0.001
Average performers	14	4.66	1.33	1.78	7.54	0.004
Above-average performers	14	1.70	0.51	0.59	2.80	0.005

Paired differences of scores in the test (Test_3MTL) which had implemented 3MTLs were compared with assessments that immediately preceded (Test_P) and succeeded (Test_S). Based on self-reported 3MTL usage, students were divided into 3 groups for comparison [3MTL: Heavy-users (used 3MTLs for two topics); 3MTL: Intermediate-users (used 3MTLs for some of the topics); 3MTL: Non-users (did not use 3MTLs]. For intragroup comparison, students were classified into tertiles based on their average scores in the historic assessments conducted prior to Test_P (Below-average performers, Average performers, and Above-average performers). All tests were scored out of a maximum of 30. SEM: Standard Error of Mean. Paired t-test was used for all comparisons. Significant p values are highlighted in bold