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Table 2 Displays the leadership styles identified by first- middle- and senior- level leaders as being most frequently used in their practice (top three rankings)

From: Goleman’s Leadership styles at different hierarchical levels in medical education

Rank

Leadership styles

First-level leaders

Middle-level leaders

Senior leaders

1

Visionary

25%

25%

33%

Coaching

11%

50%

17%

Affiliative

11%

0%

33%

Democratic

50%

25%

17%

Pacesetting

4%

0%

0%

Commanding

0%

0%

0%

2

Visionary

14%

25%

17%

Coaching

43%

38%

17%

Affiliative

11%

13%

0%

Democratic

21%

25%

50%

Pacesetting

11%

0%

17%

Commanding

0%

0%

0%

3

Visionary

21%

13%

17%

Coaching

29%

13%

50%

Affiliative

21%

38%

17%

Democratic

21%

25%

17%

Pacesetting

4%

13%

0%

Commanding

4%

0%

0%