Table 3 Obstacles and important factors influencing careers of MD, MD-RI and MD PhD trainees
Foreseeable non-work-related responsibilities DURING residency | |||||
| Â | Total, n (% of 1103) | MD/PhD, n (% of 226) | MD-RI, n (% of 184) | MD, n (% of 693) | P value |
 Raising children | 614 (55.7%) | 160 (70.8%) | 102 (55.4%) | 352 (50.8%) | <.001 |
 Taking care of elderly parents | 187 (17.0%) | 52 (23.0%) | 32 (17.4%) | 103 (14.9%) | <.05 |
 Being caretaker to others | 130 (11.8%) | 17 (7.5%) | 36 (19.6%) | 77 (11.1%) | <.001 |
 Financial support of others | 267 (24.2%) | 44 (19.5%) | 60 (32.6%) | 163 (23.5%) | <.01 |
Foreseeable non-work-related responsibilities AFTER residencya | |||||
 Raising children | 919 (83.3%) | 192 (85.0%) | 168 (91.3%) | 559 (80.7%) | <.01 |
 Taking care of elderly parents | 678 (61.5%) | 160 (70.8%) | 131 (71.2%) | 387 (55.8%) | <.001 |
 Being caretaker to others | 322 (29.2%) | 42 (18.6%) | 77 (41.8%) | 203 (29.3%) | <.001 |
 Financial support of others | 549 (49.8%) | 99 (43.8%) | 109 (59.2%) | 341 (49.2%) | <.01 |
Experienced Obstaclesa | |||||
 Balancing family and work responsibilities | 396 (35.9%) | 85 (37.6%) | 73 (39.7%) | 238 (34.3%) | >.05 |
 Balance clinical, research, & education responsibilities | 240 (21.8%) | 70 (31.0%) | 56 (30.4%) | 114 (16.5%) | <.001 |
 Loan repayment | 172 (15.6%) | 1 (0.4%) | 33 (17.9%) | 138 (19.9%) | <.001 |
 Lack of opportunity/funding | 143 (13.0%) | 28 (12.4%) | 38 (20.7%) | 77 (11.1%) | <.01 |
 Satisfactory professional development | 95 (8.6%) | 23 (10.2%) | 14 (7.6%) | 58 (8.4%) | >.05 |
 Under-compensation | 70 (6.3%) | 27 (11.9%) | 9 (4.9%) | 34 (4.9%) | <.001 |
 Discrimination/biases (gender/ethnicity) | 67 (6.1%) | 14 (6.2%) | 14 (7.6%) | 39 (5.6%) | >.05 |
 Not finding position in desired location | 62 (5.6%) | 10 (4.4%) | 17 (9.2%) | 35 (5.1%) | >.05 |
 Sexual harassment | 10 (0.9%) | 3 (1.3%) | 2 (1.1%) | 5 (0.7%) | >.05c |
 Malpractice/lawsuit | 4 (0.4%) | 0 (−-) | 1 (0.5%) | 3 (0.4%) | >.05c |
Predicted Obstaclesa | |||||
 Balancing family and work responsibilities | 857 (77.7%) | 189 (83.6%) | 148 (80.4%) | 520 (75.0%) | <.05 |
 Balance clinical, research, & education responsibilities | 549 (49.8%) | 186 (82.3%) | 115 (62.5%) | 248 (35.8%) | <.001 |
 Not finding position in desired location | 445 (40.3%) | 119 (52.7%) | 77 (41.8%) | 249 (35.9%) | <.001 |
 Loan repayment | 396 (35.9%) | 10 (4.4%) | 81 (44.0%) | 305 (44.0%) | <.001 |
 Under-compensation | 301 (27.3%) | 50 (22.1%) | 66 (35.9%) | 185 (26.7%) | <.01 |
 Lack of opportunity/funding | 279 (25.3%) | 123 (54.4%) | 60 (32.6%) | 96 (13.9%) | <.001 |
 Malpractice/lawsuit | 267 (24.2%) | 17 (7.5%) | 54 (29.3%) | 196 (28.3%) | <.001 |
 Satisfactory professional development | 264 (23.9%) | 68 (30.1%) | 53 (28.8%) | 143 (20.6%) | <.01 |
 Discrimination/biases (gender/ethnicity) | 132 (12.0%) | 22 (9.7%) | 27 (14.7%) | 83 (12.0%) | >.05 |
 Sexual harassment | 14 (1.3%) | 3 (1.3%) | 4 (2.2%) | 7 (1.0%) | >.05d |
Career Intention Time Allocation: Research/Clinical Ratios | |||||
| Â | Total, n (% of 1103) | MD/PhD, n (% of 226) | MD-RI, n (% of 184) | MD, n (% of 693) | P value |
 100/0 | 18 (1.6%) | 8 (3.5%) | 10 (5.4%) | 0 (−-) | <.001 c |
 75/25 | 152 (13.8%) | 111 (49.1%) | 41 (22.3%) | 0 (−-) | <.001 |
 50/50 | 209 (18.9%) | 75 (33.2%) | 134 (72.8%) | 0 (−-) | <.001 |
 25/75 | 529 (48.0%) | 34 (15.0%) | 17 (9.2%) | 478 (69.0%) | <.001 |
 0/100 | 138 (12.5%) | 2 (0.9%) | 1 (0.5%) | 135 (19.5%) | <.001 |
Most important factors in career selectionb | |||||
 Ability to balance work & personal life | 746 (67.6%) | 161 (71.2%) | 130 (70.7%) | 455 (65.7%) | >.05 |
 Opportunities for patient care | 708 (64.2%) | 116 (51.3%) | 131 (71.2%) | 461 (66.5%) | <.001 |
 Financial security | 375 (34.0%) | 82 (36.3%) | 69 (37.5%) | 224 (32.3%) | >.05 |
 Opportunities to teach | 333 (30.2%) | 53 (23.5%) | 56 (30.4%) | 224 (32.3%) | <.05 |
 Opportunities for research | 298 (27.0%) | 158 (69.9%) | 77 (41.8%) | 63 (9.1%) | <.001 |
 Opportunities for community service | 214 (19.4%) | 15 (6.6%) | 31 (16.8%) | 168 (24.2%) | <.001 |
 Opportunities for international work | 160 (14.5%) | 21 (9.3%) | 36 (19.6%) | 103 (14.9%) | <.05 |
 Autonomy | 157 (14.2%) | 43 (19.0%) | 21 (11.4%) | 93 (13.4%) | >.05 |
 Opportunities for student interactions | 119 (10.8%) | 23 (10.2%) | 21 (11.4%) | 75 (10.8%) | >.05 |
 Prestige | 74 (6.7%) | 17 (7.5%) | 17 (9.2%) | 40 (5.8%) | >.05 |
 Opportunities for travel | 73 (6.6%) | 17 (7.5%) | 10 (5.4%) | 46 (6.6%) | >.05 |
 Opportunities for local work | 33 (3.0%) | 1 (0.4%) | 6 (3.3%) | 26 (3.8%) | <.05 |
 Opportunities for national work | 21 (1.9%) | 2 (0.9%) | 3 (1.6%) | 16 (2.3%) | >.05c |