Table 2 The participants’ approaches to studying

Deep approach to studying

55.90 (8.68)

57.56 (6.47)

57.55 (8.33)

57.70 (8.00)

56.68 (8.26)

Seeking meaning

13.35 (2.52)

14.56 (2.15)

14.71 (2.40)

14.69 (2.34)

13.96 (2.51)

Relating ideas

14.05 (2.99)

14.38 (2.00)

14.03 (2.81)

14.18 (2.89)

14.10 (2.81)

Use of evidence

14.15 (2.97)

14.53 (2.08)

14.26 (2.61)

14.94 (2.30)

14.31 (2.70)

Interest in ideas

14.35 (2.56)

14.06 (2.23)

14.54 (2.91)

13.90 (2.88)

14.30 (2.63)

Strategic approach to studying

74.72 (10.64)

70.42 (9.69)

71.13 (10.00)

70.78 (10.46)

72.91 (10.51)

Organised study

14.35 (3.06)

13.39 (2.53)

13.03 (2.90)

12.46 (2.97)

13.73 (3.02)

Time management

14.42 (3.38)

12.89 (3.57)

12.83 (3.04)

13.25 (3.64)

13.72 (3.44)

Alertness to assessment demands

15.23 (2.51)

14.44 (2.50)

15.04 (2.71)

14.34 (2.45)

14.98 (2.57)

Achieving

14.85 (2.71)

14.35 (2.44)

14.34 (2.68)

15.42 (2.43)

14.71 (2.65)

Monitoring effectiveness

15.86 (2.41)

15.14 (2.00)

15.97 (2.33)

15.30 (2.08)

15.72 (2.32)

Surface approach to studying

48.39 (7.61)

52.49 (9.00)

48.02 (8.74)

49.72 (8.78)

49.08 (8.32)

Lack of purpose

8.42 (3.27)

11.41 (3.47)

8.85 (3.07)

8.49 (3.65)

8.98 (3.46)

Unrelated memorizing

11.84 (2.52)

12.59 (2.68)

11.67 (2.85)

11.96 (2.50)

11.93 (2.63)

Syllabus-bound

13.81 (2.68)

13.95 (2.84)

13.53 (2.91)

14.25 (2.79)

13.81 (2.77)

Fear of failure

14.32 (3.20)

14.54 (2.97)

14.34 (3.67)

15.01 (3.09)

14.43 (3.26)