Table 5 Global goodness-of-fit measures in the two models tested (goodness-of-fit index with recommendations following Kriston et al. [74])

Discrepancy Test (χ ² / df)

112.304/25, p < .001

98.261/24, p < .001

Standardized Root Mean Residual (SRMR)

<0.05, <0.08^a

. 0595

.0562

Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA)

<.05, <.06, <.08

.104

.098 (CI .079–.119)

Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI)

≥.95, ≥.90, ≥.80

.878

.892

Comparative Fit Index (CFI)

≥.95, ≥.90, ≥.80

.915

.928

Normed χ ²

<1.0, <1.5, <2.0, <3.0, <5.0

4.49

4.09

Akaike Information Criterion

(model comparisons: smaller value is preferred)

170.304

158.261