Table 1 Summary of previous research on JPSE-S psychometric properties

Alcorta-Garza et al. (2005) [25]

Mexico

1022

3 factors: PT (10items), CC (7 items), SPS (3 items)

Variance explained: not reported

Factor loadings > 0.30 (except for Item 18)

-

α = 0.74

M < F

Costa et al. (in press)

Portugal

979

-

Modified model: χ ²/df = 3.36; CFI = 0.89; PCFI = 0.78; GFI = 0.94; PGFI = 0.75; RMSEA = 0.05 (n.s.); ECVI = 0.66

Saturation levels > 0.30 (except for item 18 and 19)

r between factors: 0.07 ≤ r ≤ 0.72

α

JSE-S:0.78

PT:0.76

CC:0.62

SPS:0.62

CR

JSE:0.87

PT:0.79

CC:0.67

SPS:0.62

AVE

PT: 0.36

CC: 0.29

SPS: 0.59

-

Kataoka et al. (2009) [22]

Japan

400

5 factors

Variance explained: 53 %

Factor loadings > 0.30

Items load in different factors comparing to the original JSE-S

-

α = 0.80

M < F

Hojat et al. (2001) [2]

USA

193

4 factors: Physician’s view from the patient’s perspective, Understanding patients experiences feelings and clues, Ignoring emotions in patient care, Thinking like the patient

Variance explained: 56 %

Factor loadings > 0.46

-

α = 0.89

M < F

Hojat & LaNoue (2014) [24]

USA

2612

3 factors

Variance explained: 38 %

Factor loadings > 0.25 (except for Item 18)

χ ²/df = 5.28; AGFI = 0.93; TLI = 0.89; RMSEA = 0.05

Saturation levels > 0.30 (except for item 18)

r between factors: 0.08 ≤ r ≤ 0.78

α =0.80

-

Jumroonrojana & Zartrungpak (2012) [26]

Thailand

708

3 factors

-

α = 0.76

M < F

Leombruni et al. (2014) [27]

Italy

257

-

Modified model: CFI = 0.91; RMSEA = 0.08; WLRM = 0.99

Saturation levels > 0.30 (except for item 18)

r between factors: 0.24 ≤ r ≤ 0.73

α = 0.76

M < F

Magalhães et al. (2011) [28]

Portugal

476

3 factors

Variance explained: 37.4 %

Factor loadings >0.30 (except for Item 18 and 19)

Modified model: χ ²/df =1.3; TLI = 0.94

CFI = 0.95; RMSEA = 0.03 (0.05)

Saturation levels: not reported

r between factors: not reported

α = 0.77

Paro et al. (2012) [29]

Brazil

299

3 factors: CC (11 items), SPS (2 items), PT (7 items)

Variance explained. 45 %

Factor loadings > 0.35 (except for items 1 and 18: 0.30 and 0.34, respectively)

-

α = 0.84

M < F

Preusche & Wagner-Menghin (2013) [30]

Germany

557

4 factors: PT (11 items), CC (4 items), SPS (2 items), other (4 items)

Variance explained: 48 %

(forcing 3 factors, variance explained: 36 %)

Factor loadings > 0.40

-

α = 0.82

Test-retest: 0.45

-

Rahimi-madiseh et al. 2010 [31]

Iran

181

3 factors: CC (7 items), PT (6 items), STS (3 items)

Variance explained: 38 %

Factor loadings > 0.49

(item 4, 5, 18 and 19 did not show statistically significant loading)

-

α

CC:0.71

PT:0.73

SPS:0.51

M < F

Tavakol et al. (2011) [32]

UK

853

3 factor: CC (10 items), PT (4 items), Emotional detachment (3 items)

Variance explained: 42 %

Factors loaded in different factors when compared to the original JSE:

(items 1, 8 and 15 had no significant factor loadings and were excluded)

Modified model (17 items):

χ ²/df = 1.77; GFI = 0.97; CFI = 0.95; RMSEA = 0.03

Saturation levels > 0.30 (except for item 5)

r between factors: 0.43 ≤ r ≤ 0.75

α = 0.76

M < F

Wen et al. (2013) [33]

China

753

3 factors

Variance explained: 48 %

Factor loadings > 0.47 (except for item 18, which had n.s. loading)

-

α = 0.83

M < F