The application of heterogeneous cluster grouping to reflective writing for medical humanities literature study to enhance students’ empathy, critical thinking, and reflective writing

Table 7 A summarized table of the differences between the experimental and control groups in empathy, critical thinking disposition, and reflective writing

Scale & subscales	Empathy
Group comparison	Overall	Behavior empathy	Affective empathy	Intellectual empathy
ANCOVA comparison	**p < 0.01	**p < 0.01	**p < 0.01	_
Scale & subscales	Critical thinking disposition
Group comparison	Overall	Systematicity and Analyticity	Inquisitiveness and knowledgeability	Maturity and Skepticism
ANCOVA comparison	**p < 0.01	**p < 0.01	**p < 0.01	**p < 0.01
Scale & subscales	Reflective Writing
Group comparison	Focus & context structure	Ideas	Voice & point of view
ANCOVA comparison	_	**p < 0.01	**p < 0.01
Scale & subscales	Reflective Writing
Group comparison	Critical thinking & representation	Depth of reflection on personal growth	Language & conventions
ANCOVA comparison	**p < 0.01	**p < 0.01	_

ISSN: 1472-6920