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Table 2 ANCOVA comparison of the adjusted means of empathy for the post-test

From: The application of heterogeneous cluster grouping to reflective writing for medical humanities literature study to enhance students’ empathy, critical thinking, and reflective writing

Scale

Group

Adjusted mean of post-test

F

p-value

Overall

Experimental Control

173.97

12.459

0.001**

159.68

Behavior empathy

Experimental Control

75.52

13.203

0.000**

68.59

Affective empathy

Experimental Control

44.18

8.010

0.006**

38.61

Intellectual empathy

Experimental Control

54.43

1.633

0.205

52.33

  1. Experimental group: N = 43; comparison group: N = 43
  2. S.D., standard deviation
  3. **p < 0.01