| Number of publications (total number) | Number of publications (lead authorships) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | male | Â | female | male | Â | female |
 Mean (SD) | 4.30 (5.62) |  | 2.47 (2.99) | 0.84 (1.62) |  | 0.45 (0.82) |
Final grade of the doctorate | excellent | very good | good/satisfactory | excellent | very good | good/satisfactory |
 Mean (SD) | 5.91 (8.15) | 3.16 (3.45) | 2.01 (2.80) | 1.27 (2.25) | 0.60 (1.04) | 0.29 (0.69) |
Participation in a structured doctoral study program | yes | Â | no | yes | Â | no |
 Mean (SD) | 5.52 (9.04) |  | 3.03 (3.47) | 1.37 (2.57) |  | 0.54 (0.96) |