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Table 4 Direct and indirect assessment of certain course specific learning outcomes related to biomedical literature evaluation covered in the final exam of each course

From: Mapping of the biomedical literature evaluation competencies based on pharmacy students’ feedback

 

Direct assessment

Indirect assessment

PHA421, N = 68

N (%)

N (%)

Evaluate clinical trials published in the medical and pharmaceutical literature

63 (92 %)

61 (90 %)

Describe different study designs including experimental and non-experimental designs.

60 (88 %)

57 (84 %)

Interpret study statistical analysis including p-values, and type I and II errors

55 (81 %)

55 (81 %)

PHA557, N = 72

  

Critically evaluate a pharmacoeconomic article (i.e. apply PEa in pharmaceutical care decisions making)

53 (74 %)

58 (80 %)

Define type I error, Type II error, power, effect size, p-value, and the relation among them

66 (92 %)

66 (92 %)

PHA570, N = 38

  

Critically evaluate clinical trials (e.g. identify study characteristics, interpret the statistical data, and determine the study internal and external validities)

33 (87 %)

37 (97 %)

  1. aPE: Pharmacoeconomics