Fig. 1

Model for Hofstee standard setting. a Performance curves for three assessments (harder, intermediate and easier); open circles indicate the percent of the cohort who fail each assessment with a criterion reference pass mark of 55 %; open squares indicate the pass marks for a norm-referenced failure rate of 10 % of the cohort; solid squares indicate the pass marks and percent of the cohort who fail by application of the Hofstee method. b Application of Hofstee criteria to determine a BEP (indicated by the solid squares) – see text for details. c Application of modified Hofstee criteria to determine BSP (solid circles) and BEP (solid squares) – see text for details. d Graphical presentation of ‘cranking’ the standard set marks from an assessment to moderated marks on the University scale where the pass mark of 40 % equates to the BSP% and the 70 % distinction/first-class mark equates to BEP%. An individual student’s standard set mark is mapped to the new moderated mark through linear interpolation on the gradient of the relevant line (e.g. X% mapped to Y%)