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Table 3 Means and standard deviations of pre- and post-course acceptability scores of male and female students and the mean changes in their perceptions
From: Saudi dental students’ perceptions of pediatric behavior guidance techniques
| Technique or situation | Pre-course scores | Post-course scores | Change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | |
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |
| Reinforcement techniques | ||||||
| Positive verbal reinforcement | 4.34 ± 0.68 | 3.95 ± 0.95 | 4.23 ± 0.54 | 4.12 ± 0.90 | −0.11 ± 0.83 | 0.16 ± 1.13 |
| Promising a toy | 4.03 ± 0.74 | 4.09 ± 0.75 | 3.51 ± 1.09 | 3.91 ± 0.78 | −0.51 ± 1.19 | −0.19 ± 1.02 |
| Using the word “coward” | 3.69 ± 1.02 | 3.40 ± 1.15 | 3.63 ± 1.06 | 3.58 ± 1.05 | −0.06 ± 1.02 | 0.19 ± 1.11 |
| Aversive techniques | ||||||
| Voice control | 3.46 ± 1.12 | 3.05 ± 1.21 | 3.77 ± 0.80 | 3.58 ± 0.98 | 0.31 ± 1.23 | 0.53 ± 1.05 |
| Hand-over-mouth | 1.69 ± 0.99 | 2.19 ± 1.13 | 2.09 ± 1.06 | 2.56 ± 1.24 | 0.40 ± 1.24 | 0.37 ± 1.60 |
| Immobilization by staff or parent | 2.57 ± 0.85 | 2.98 ± 0.88 | 2.26 ± 0.85 | 2.63 ± 0.90 | −0.31 ± 0.96 | −0.35 ± 1.11 |
| Immobilization using papoose board | 2.14 ± 0.87 | 2.16 ± 0.78 | 2.00 ± 0.80b | 2.53 ± 1.00b | −0.14 ± 0.81c | 0.37 ± 1.17c |
| Desensitization techniques | ||||||
| Tell-show-do | 4.17 ± 0.82 | 3.98 ± 1.03 | 4.06 ± 0.96 | 3.95 ± 1.13 | −0.11 ± 1.07 | −0.02 ± 1.53 |
| Providing exact explanation | 3.69 ± 0.71 | 3.74 ± 0.95 | 3.54 ± 0.91 | 3.77 ± 1.04 | −0.14 ± 1.08 | 0.02 ± 1.22 |
| Using music or video distraction | 4.09 ± 0.78 | 3.93 ± 0.75 | 4.23 ± 0.77 | 4.02 ± 1.07 | 0.14 ± 0.73 | 0.07 ± 1.07 |
| Using the child’s imagination | 4.46 ± 0.65 | 3.95 ± 0.89 | 4.51 ± 0.50 | 3.84 ± 0.94 | 0.06 ± 0.68 | −0.12 ± 0.95 |
| Use of euphemisms | 3.86 ± 0.94 | 3.93 ± 0.85 | 4.03 ± 0.78 | 3.93 ± 1.03 | 0.17 ± 0.82 | 0.00 ± 1.06 |
| Modeling | 3.23 ± 1.23a | 2.28 ± 0.45a | 3.80 ± 1.07 | 4.00 ± 0.84 | 0.57 ± 1.17c | 1.72 ± 0.95c |
| Pharmacological techniques | ||||||
| Nitrous oxide | 3.60 ± 0.69 | 3.49 ± 0.82 | 3.91 ± 0.65 | 3.77 ± 0.94 | 0.31 ± 0.86 | 0.28 ± 1.07 |
| Using sedation | 2.74 ± 1.01 | 3.07 ± 0.93 | 3.34 ± 0.90 | 3.49 ± 0.96 | 0.60 ± 1.28 | 0.42 ± 1.07 |
| General anesthesia | 2.66 ± 0.87 | 2.79 ± 1.28 | 3.20 ± 1.02 | 3.05 ± 1.30 | 0.54 ± 1.35 | 0.26 ± 1.25 |
| Communicative techniques | ||||||
| Disallowing child speaking during treatment | 2.43 ± 0.81 | 2.30 ± 0.88 | 2.26 ± 0.74 | 2.56 ± 1.05 | −0.17 ± 1.04 | 0.26 ± 1.36 |
| Mentioning the possibility of pain | 3.46 ± 0.78a | 3.07 ± 1.03a | 3.29 ± 0.89 | 3.56 ± 0.73 | −0.17 ± 1.20c | 0.49 ± 1.09c |
| Treatment without local anesthetic | 1.57 ± 0.69a | 1.00 ± 0.00a | 1.80 ± 0.86b | 2.30 ± 1.08b | 0.23 ± 0.91c | 1.30 ± 1.08c |
| Allowing child to stop treatment | 3.40 ± 0.97a | 2.30 ± 0.59a | 3.46 ± 1.17 | 3.23 ± 1.04 | 0.06 ± 1.30c | 0.93 ± 1.14c |
| Dentist talks with parent during treatment | 2.09 ± 1.09 | 2.35 ± 0.78 | 2.43 ± 0.91b | 3.33 ± 0.99b | 0.34 ± 1.16c | 0.98 ± 1.28c |
| Dentist remains quiet during treatment | 2.31 ± 1.10 | 2.07 ± 0.66 | 2.77 ± 0.91 | 2.72 ± 0.95 | 0.46 ± 1.44 | 0.65 ± 1.13 |
| Parent talks with child during treatment | 2.00 ± 0.90 | 2.21 ± 0.55 | 2.31 ± 0.83b | 3.53 ± 0.73b | 0.31 ± 1.13c | 1.33 ± 1.01c |
| Clinical situations | ||||||
| Parent separation | 3.20 ± 1.10 | 2.72 ± 1.16 | 3.63 ± 0.94 | 2.79 ± 1.18 | 0.43 ± 1.22 | 0.07 ± 1.33 |
| Parent present during treatment | 3.03 ± 1.07a | 2.40 ± 0.49a | 3.31 ± 0.76b | 3.48 ± 0.97b | 0.29 ± 0.95c | 1.44 ± 1.05c |
| Showing the needle to the child | 1.23 ± 0.49a | 1.00 ± 0.00a | 1.34 ± 0.68 | 1.67 ± 1.06 | 0.11 ± 0.75c | 0.67 ± 1.06c |
