Table 2 Means and standard deviations of pre- and post-course acceptability scores and the mean changes between them
From: Saudi dental students’ perceptions of pediatric behavior guidance techniques
Technique or situation | Pre-course scores | Post-course scores | Change | P value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | (95 % CI) | ||
Reinforcement techniques | |||||
Positive verbal reinforcement | 4.13 ± 0.85 | 4.17 ± 0.79 | 0.04 ± 1.01 | (−0.19 – 0.26) | NS |
Promising a toy | 4.06 ± 0.74 | 3.73 ± 0.94 | −0.33 ± 1.11 | (−0.58 – −0.08) | 0.01 |
Using the word “coward” | 3.53 ± 1.10 | 3.60 ± 1.04 | 0.07 ± 1.07 | (−0.16 – 0.32) | NS |
Overall score | 3.91 ± 0.61 | 3.83 ± 0.61 | – 0.07 ± 0.74 | (−0.24 – 0.09) | NS |
Aversive techniques | |||||
Voice control | 3.23 ± 1.18 | 3.67 ± 0.90 | 0.43 ± 1.35 | (0.18 – 0.69) | 0.001 |
Hand-over-mouth | 1.96 ± 1.09 | 2.35 ± 1.18 | 0.38 ± 1.44 | (0.06 – 0.70) | 0.021 |
Immobilization by staff or parent | 2.79 ± 0.88 | 2.46 ± 0.89 | −0.33 ± 0.94 | (−0.54 – −0.11) | 0.003 |
Immobilization using papoose board | 2.15 ± 0.82 | 2.29 ± 0.95 | 0.14 ± 1.05 | (−0.09 – 0.37) | NS |
Overall score | 2.45 ± 0.67 | 2.69 ± 0.65 | 0.16 ± 0.66 | (0.01 – 0.30) | 0.04 |
Desensitization techniques | |||||
Tell-show-do | 4.06 ± 0.94 | 4.00 ± 1.05 | −0.06 ± 0.15 | (−0.36 – 0.23) | NS |
Providing exact explanation | 3.72 ± 0.85 | 3.67 ± 0.98 | −0.05 ± 1.16 | (−0.31 – 0.21) | NS |
Using music or video distraction | 4.01 ± 0.76 | 4.12 ± 0.93 | 0.10 ± 0.93 | (−0.10 – 0.31) | NS |
Using the child’s imagination | 4.18 ± 0.83 | 4.14 ± 0.84 | −0.04 ± 0.84 | (−0.22 – 0.15) | NS |
Use of euphemisms | 3.90 ± 0.89 | 3.97 ± 0.92 | 0.07 ± 0.96 | (−0.14 – 0.29) | NS |
Modeling | 2.71 ± 1.01 | 3.91 ± 0.95 | 1.20 ± 1.19 | (0.93 – 1.47) | < 0.0001 |
Overall score | 3.76 ± 0.46 | 3.97 ± 0.55 | 0.21 ± 0.56 | (−0.01 – 0.38) | NS |
Pharmacological techniques | |||||
Nitrous oxide | 3.54 ± 0.76 | 3.83 ± 0.82 | 0.29 ± 0.98 | (0.07 – 0.51) | 0.01 |
Using sedation | 2.92 ± 0.97 | 3.42 ± 0.93 | 0.50 ± 1.17 | (0.23 – 0.76) | < 0.0001 |
General anesthesia | 2.73 ± 1.11 | 3.12 ± 1.18 | 0.38 ± 1.30 | (0.09 – 0.67) | < 0.0001 |
Overall score | 3.06 ± 0.66 | 3.46 ± 0.75 | 0.39 ± 0.74 | (0.22 – 0.56) | < 0.0001 |
Communicative techniques | |||||
Disallowing child speaking during treatment | 2.36 ± 0.85 | 2.42 ± 0.93 | 0.06 ± 1.24 | (−0.21 – 0.34) | NS |
Mentioning the possibility of pain | 3.24 ± 0.94 | 3.44 ± 0.81 | 0.19 ± 1.18 | (−0.07 – 0.45) | NS |
Treatment without local anesthetic | 1.26 ± 0.54 | 2.08 ± 1.01 | 0.82 ± 1.13 | (0.56 – 1.07) | < 0.0001 |
Allowing child to stop treatment | 2.79 ± 0.95 | 3.33 ± 1.10 | 0.54 ± 1.28 | (0.24 – 0.82) | < 0.0001 |
Dentist talks with parent during treatment | 2.23 ± 0.93 | 2.92 ± 1.05 | 0.69 ± 1.22 | (0.40 – 0.97) | < 0.0001 |
Dentist remains quiet during treatment | 2.18 ± 0.89 | 2.74 ± 0.93 | 0.56 ± 1.27 | (0.27 – 0.85) | < 0.0001 |
Parent talks with child during treatment | 2.12 ± 0.73 | 2.99 ± 1.01 | 0.87 ± 1.17 | (0.60 – 1.13) | < 0.0001 |
Overall score | 2.31 ± 0.36 | 2.82 ± 0.45 | 0.53 ± 0.62 | (0.39 – 0.67) | < 0.0001 |
Clinical situations | |||||
Parent separation | 2.94 ± 1.15 | 3.17 ± 1.15 | 0.23 ± 1.28 | (−0.6 – 0.52) | NS |
Parent present during treatment | 2.68 ± 0.86 | 3.60 ± 0.93 | 0.92 ± 1.16 | (0.66 – 1.18) | < 0.0001 |
Showing the needle to the child | 1.10 ± 0.34 | 1.53 ± 0.92 | 0.42 ± 0.97 | (0.20 – 0.64) | < 0.0001 |
Overall score | 2.24 ± 0.47 | 2.76 ± 0.43 | 0.52 ± 0.57 | (0.39 – 0.65) | < 0.0001 |