The impact of formative testing on study behaviour and study performance of (bio)medical students: a smartphone application intervention study

Table 3 Subgroup characteristics based on historical grades

	Total study population	“Below average”				“Average”				“Above average”
		NU	MU	IU	p value	NU	MU	IU	p value	NU	MU	IU	p value
Number of students (n)	439	56	61	45		45	44	66		21	34	67
Sex					0.006				0.030				0.22
Female (%)	66	43	62	73		53	68	77		62	82	70
Male (%)	34	57	38	27		47	62	23		38	18	30
Study					0.42				0.18				0.17
Biomedical Sciences (%)	26	34	41	47		13	30	23		5	6	16
Medicine (%)	74	66	59	53		87	70	77		95	94	83

ISSN: 1472-6920