Table 1 Outcomes and impact of evidence-based medicine (EBM) Teaching and learning
From: A hierarchy of effective teaching and learning to acquire competence in evidenced-based medicine
Kirkpatrick scale* | Outcome measures |
|---|---|
Participation | Learners' views on the learning experience during educational activity (e.g. post teaching questionnaire) |
Modification of attitudes/perceptions | Change in attitudes or perceptions between participant groups as a result of educational activity (e.g. difference between pre and post teaching questionnaire on attitudes) |
Modification of knowledge or skills | Change in knowledge or skills between participant groups as a result of educational activity (e.g. difference in performance between pre and post tests) |
Behavioural change | Transfer of learning to the workplace or willingness of learners to apply new knowledge or skills (e.g. difference between pre and post questionnaire on attitudes) |
Change in organisational practice | Wider changes in the organisation/delivery of care, attributable to educational activity (e.g. updating of guidelines or care pathways) |
Benefit to patients/clients | Improvement in the health and wellbeing of patients as a result of educational activity (e.g. audit of outcomes in practice) |