Table 1 Approaches to foster the three basic psychological needs as articulated by self-determination theory

Take others’ perspectives

Set an optimal level of challenge

Acknowledge feelings and convey empathy

Provide choices

Support the skills development necessary to meet the posed challenge

Create structures to foster individual connections

Provide a meaningful rationale when choices cannot be offered

Give meaningful feedback framed positively toward the achievement of competence

Create structures to foster group and community connections

Minimize controlling words