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Table 1 Diagnostic accuracy of symptoms and signs in predicting urinary tract infection as measured by positive and negative likelihood ratio (LR)*

From: Conceptualization of category-oriented likelihood ratio: a useful tool for clinical diagnostic reasoning

Symptom/Sign

Positive LR

Negative LR

Dysuria

1.5

0.5

Frequency

1.8

0.6

Hematuria

2

0.9

Fever

1.6

0.9

Flank Pain

1.1

0.9

Lower Abdominal Pain

1.1

0.9

Vaginal Discharge

0.3

3.1

Vaginal Irritation

0.2

2.7

Back Pain

1.6

0.8

Self-diagnosis

4

0.1

Vaginal Discharge on Physical Examination

0.7

1.1

Costovertebral Angle Tenderness

1.7

0.9

Dipstick Urinalysis#

4.2

0.3

  1. * Values are derived from the study by Bent et al. [17]
  2. # A positive result was defined as leukocyte esterase positive or nitrite positive, a negative result was defined as both negative.